Ecuador is located in the Andean Region which is considered an area of origin and domestication of several species. It is known for its high agrobiodiversity. The National Institute of Agricultural Research (INIAP) is a public institute that was established in 1959. As part of its official mandate, INIAP created the National Department of Plant Genetic Resources (INIAP-DENAREF) in 1991 to conserve local agrobiodiversity both ex situ and in situ. Currently, INIAP is at the forefront of ex situ conservation of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture. It houses the largest gene bank in the country, which currently maintains approximately 29,000 accessions of approximately 1000 species including wild relatives and crops. The conservation methods used include orthodox seed conservation (58.4% of the accessions), field collections (38.2% of the accessions), and in vitro collections (3.4% of the accessions). In addition to ex situ conservation, INIAP also engages in situ activities such as the establishment of conservation areas, community registry, diversity fairs, and Bio-knowledge and Agrarian Development Centers. These initiatives aim to promote the preservation and sustainable use of agrobiodiversity. In conclusion, the national gene bank of INIAP plays a crucial role in preventing the possible extinction of native varieties and wild species. It also provides a valuable source of genetic diversity for agricultural research, contributing to the regeneration of impoverished ecosystems and ensuring food security and sovereignty of future generations. This chapter describes INIAP’s experiences in (i) conservation of the agrobiodiversity of native crops and their wild-related species, through ex situ and in situ (on-farm) techniques, (ii) characterization and evaluation of the different collections of germplasm in ex situ and in situ (on-farm) conditions, (iii) documentation of germplasm information from collection to characterization, (iv) promoting the sustainable use of conserved genetic wealth, and (v) participation in developing and implementing agrobiodiversity policies at national and international levels.